Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog

A good summary of the backtracking and dissembling by the NYT about its error-ridden 1619 Project

From analysts at the World Socialist Website, which has been at the forefront of exposing the scholarly problems and errors.

As COVID cases surge, one bit of good news is that doctors are now much better at averting death

A useful overview of the changes:

Two new peer-reviewed studies are showing a sharp drop in mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The drop is seen in all groups, including older patients and those with underlying conditions, suggesting that physicians are getting better at helping patients survive their illness....

The study, which was of a single health system, finds that mortality has dropped among hospitalized patients by 18 percentage points since the pandemic began. Patients in the study had a 25.6% chance of dying at the start of the pandemic; they now have a 7.6% chance.

That's a big improvement, but 7.6% is still a high risk compared with other diseases....

 

Horwitz and her colleagues looked at more than 5,000 hospitalizations in the NYU Langone Health system between March and August. They adjusted for factors including age and other diseases, such as diabetes, to rule out the possibility that the numbers had dropped only because younger, healthier people were getting diagnosed. They found that death rates dropped for all groups, even older patients by 18 percentage points on average....

COVID on campus: an update

Philosopher Gregory Pence (Alabama/Birmingham) kindly shared this list of universities with the biggest outbreaks of COVID on campus.  What they have in common is that they are all large, mostly state schools, most of which have big fraternity/sorority scenes.  (One surprise on the list is BYU, which is large, but is an alcohol-free campus, which one would have expected to contribute to more sensible behavior by students.)   But these schools are the outliers, as even the NYT data reveals, despite their best journalistic effort to emphasize the negative:

More than 35,000 cases [COVID] cases have been identified since early October.

Though some colleges moved all their fall classes online, many campuses remained open even as positive tests accumulated by the hundreds or thousands. Of more than 1,700 institutions surveyed by The Times, more than 50 reported at least 1,000 cases over the course of the pandemic. More than 375 colleges have reported at least 100 cases.

Translated into non-hysterical English:  3% of universities account for about a third of all the cases on campuses, and one-quarter of the schools account for almost all the cases--meaning about 70% of colleges and universities are doing quite well.  Considering that COVID is spreading out of control in huge parts of the country, colleges are performing admirably overall.

Some more reasons to worry about the electoral college map

You can play with the electoral map here.

If you look at the high quality polls at 538 (e.g., those with A-range ratings), Biden is at best slightly ahead in Florida, North Carolina, and Arizona, states that often land in the Republican column.  If those polls are missing anyone, it is surely Trump voters:  folks who believe in QAnon aren't going to be talking to pollsters one suspects.  So let's assume the missing folks all vote Trump, and Florida, North Carolina and Arizona go for Trump again.

Forget about Ohio and Georgia:  those polls sometimes show Biden up by a point or tied, but mostly show Trump ahead.  If Ohio and Georgia really go Democratic, then we're in Biden landslide territory, but I doubt it's going to happen (in part for reasons that some Trump voters reveal here:   that Trump is a bad person isn't enough reason to vote Biden if you basically like Republican policies.  As in 2016, the Democrats are counting too much on "Trump is an awful person.")

So if all the frequent or typical Republican states vote for Trump, that means all Trump has to do is to recapture one of the states he won in 2016.  The best bets are Wisconsin and Pennsylvania:  although Biden leads in both, the lead is not as strong as in Michigan (and nothing like his double-digit leads in places like Virginia).  If Trump flips Wisconsin, then no one wins the electoral college, and oh boy are we in for a nightmare (then, as I understand it, everything will turn on whether the Democrats capture a majority of states in the House of Representatives).  If Trump flips Pennsylvania, then he wins the electoral college, no matter how many millions more vote for Biden in California, Illinois, New York, New England, the Pacific Northwester, Colorado, Minnesota etc.

On the other hand, if Achen and Bartels (Democracy for Realists) are right, then Trump should lose in a landslide because of the pandemic and the economic carnage.  We'll find out soon enough.

QAnon and age-old anti-semitic tropes

Great news that millions of Americans believe this stuff now!  I'll have more to say about this later, but right now I have to get on a conference call with other members of the International Jewish Banking Conspiracy to make some decisions about what kind of economy we want for 2021.

New study of non-voters in the U.S.

Here; from the summary of the main findings:

• Non-voters have less faith in the electoral system than voters. Non-voters say they don’t vote for many reasons, including not liking the candidates and feeling their vote doesn’t matter. Compared with voters, they have less faith in the electoral system, don’t feel they have enough information, and are less likely to think increased participation in elections is good for the country. They are more likely to think “the system is rigged.” 

• Splitting the vote in 2020. If non-voters all turned out in 2020, non-voter candidate preferences show they would add nearly equal share to Democratic and Republican candidates (33 percent versus 30 percent, respectively), while 18 percent said they would vote for a third party.

• Evenly divided on Trump. They are more evenly divided on current political issues and President Trump than previously thought. Fifty-one percent have a negative opinion of Trump, versus 40 percent positive. While non-voters skew center-left on some key issues like health care, they are slightly more conservative than active voters on immigration and abortion.

• Non-voters are less engaged with news and information. They consume less news, are more likely to accidentally “bump into” news rather than seeking it out actively, and more likely to say they don’t feel informed enough to decide who to vote for.

• Eligible Gen Z voters say they are less interested in politics and 2020 election than non-voters. Americans aged 18 to 24 are less interested in politics and less informed. They are the age cohort least likely to say they will vote in 2020, and 38 percent say they don’t have enough information to decide who to vote for.

Richard Marshall interviews Carlos Montemayor (San Francisco State)...

...at 3:16 AM.

Blast from the past: what might the philosophy profession look like in 2043?

Back in 2013.

Post-election scenarios

Suppose Biden wins and the Democrats end up with at least 52 seats in the Senate.  Robert Paul Wolff comments.

Another take on the election

Optimistic analysis, but not wholly!

(Thanks to Christopher Pynes for the pointer.)

On our remarkable sense of smell

Philosopher and cognitive scientist Ann-Sophie Barwich (Indiana/Bloomington) comments.

Some election musings

On October 20, 2016--about 2 1/2 weeks before the election--Nate Silver's operation gave the odds as follows:  Trump had a 14% chance of winning, and Clinton was about 7% ahead in the national polls.  (Do read the rest of Silver's 2016 analysis for grim amusement:  that he thought Clinton's debate performance locked things up shows how little he knows about voter behavior.)

Now here we are on October 21, 2020 (with the election less than two weeks away), and according to Silver, Trump has a 12% chance of winning, although Biden's lead over Trump is about 10%.   Pollsters have apparently made changes since their 2016 fiasco, to better account for the votes of whites without college education, so perhaps this year's numbers are better.  On the other hand, does anyone think that  the 50% of Trump's supporters who believe Democratic and some Republican elites are running a secret child-sex-trafficking ring are the kinds of people who are likely to participate in polls by mainstream polling outfits?  The big unknown here is what proportion of the country is bat shit crazy and likely to cast a vote?

Do philosophers make the world a better place? Thoughts from the late John Gardner (Oxford)

I posed the question back in 2013, and thought I'd re-up the late John Gardner's interesting answer at that time (and invite reader thoughts/reactions):

I'd be the first to say that the world is a better place - constitutively - just in virtue of containing more good philosophy, and more good philosophers. But I take it that the questioner is asking about making the world a better place instrumentally by his or her work, owed to to the dissemination of good ideas in it. Beyond helping students and other scholars to solve puzzles or to frame arguments, I do not believe that my philosophical work has any significant consequences via such dissemination and I do not intend it to have any. I do not intend it to have any, partly because I suspect that any consequences it would have, if it had any, would be really bad. Not because it is bad philosophy (though maybe it is) but because philosophy (in my subfields: moral, political, legal) is ripe for abuse. It is better not to have any effects than to have predictably unwelcome effects through the kind of people who are likely to put my work to use. On the very rare occasions when I have seen my work used by judges, policymakers, journalists, etc. - what Andrew [in a comment above] callled 'intermediaries' - I have very much disapproved of what they did with it and wished that I had managed to keep it much more secret.

Philosophy course at Wesleyan gets a nice-write up in the NY Times

"Living a Good Life," taught by philosophers Stephen Angle, Steven Horst, and Tushar Irani.

STAT News runs a very useful COVID-19 "tracker" of drugs and vaccines in development...

...here.

Blast from the past: best philosophical stylists for students to emulate?

Back in 2011.

Gideon Rosen (Princeton) answers "five questions"...

...about himself, his work, his conception of philosophy, his fears, as part of the podcast series run by philosopher Kieran Setiya (MIT).  I've listened to a couple of these, but this was one of the most interesting I thought.

2020-21 Update for the top ten U.K. schools ranked in the 2017 PGR

MOVING TO FRONT--ORIGINALLY POSTED OCTOBER 14 (changes to:  Leeds)

Since the 2020-21 PGR has been delayed, this is a summary of changes at the tenured (or almost tenured) ranks at the top 10 PhD programs in the United Kingdom since the 2017 Philosophical Gourmet Report; more precisely, these are changes that were not reflected in the faculty lists evaluators saw for the 2017 PGR surveys (some moves that weren't official until 2018 were reflected in the faculty lists for the 2017 surveys).  (Please e-mail me any corrections or additions, thanks.)   My thanks to Mitchell Barrington for his assistance in compiling this information.  (I will fill out the top 15 from the UK at a later date.)  (The Canadian updates are here, the U.S. updates are here.)

Oxford University (#1 in the UK, #2 in the world):  Added Catherine Abell (philosophy of art) from Manchester; Joel David Hamkins (logic) from CUNY; Nicholas Jones (metaphysics) from Birmingham; Amia Srinivasan (epistemology, social-political philosophy) from UCL; John Tasioulas (ethics, philosophy of law) from King's College, London; and Mark Wynn (philosophy of religion) from  Leeds.  Lost Ralf Bader (Kant, political philosophy, ethics) to Fribourg (Switzerland); John Hyman (philosophy of action and mind) to UCL; Brian Leftow (medieval philosophy, philosophy of religion) to Rutgers.  Stephen Blamey (logic, philosophical logic) and Elizabeth Fricker (epistemology, philosophy of language) retired.  John Gardner (philosophy of law, ethics) passed away.  Will surely remain #1 in the UK, and probably #2 in the world.

Cambridge University (#2 in the UK, #19 in the world): added Alexander Bird (philosophy of science & medicine) from King's College, London.  Lost Tim Button to UCL; Tom Dougherty (moral & political philosophy) to North Carolina/Chapel Hill; Huw Price(philosophy of science and physics, philosophy of language, metaphysics) to retirement (although he retains a half-time role at Cambridge, but has no formal teaching duties); Maarten Steehagen (aesthetics, philosophy of mind) to Uppsala.  Will probably still remain #2 in the UK.

University of St Andrews/University of Stirling Joint Program (#3 in the UK, #24 in the world).   Lost Barbara Sattler (ancient) to Rohr University Bochum.  Added Franz Berto (logic, metaphysics) from the University of Amsterdam.  Crispin Wright (philosophy of language, math and logic, epistemology) is also now back part-time at the University of Stirling (he is at NYU the rest of the time).   St Andrews has also added a number of short-term visitors, mostly from the U.S.

"Grandstanding: The Use and Abuse of Moral Talk"...

...reviewed at the LARB.

The Swedish COVID disaster

The chart here certainly sums it up:  Sweden has had 59.3 deaths per 100,000 people, compared to 11.8 per 100,000 for Denmark, 6.3 for Finland, 5.2 for Norway, and 11.7 for Germany, all proximate countries that were far more proactive in managing it.  Sweden is up there with other countries whose response everyone knows has been disastrously incompetent, including the U.S. (66.3 death per 100,000) and the U.K. (64.5 deaths per 100,000).

Divers from Leeds to Trinity College Dublin

John Divers (metaphysics), Professor of Philosophy at the Unviersity of Leeds, will take up the Professorship of Moral Philosophy at Trinity College Dublin in June 2021.  (He succeeds the emeritus Professor of Moral Philosophy, Peter Simons, a metaphysician who was also recruited from Leeds!)

Great moments in obscure rock 'n' roll: Freedom, "Nobody," 1970

A terrific number (the lead track) from the second album of the British blues/rock band we featured in the late summer:

 

Good news about air travel and the risk of contracting COVID...

...although it does  require that passengers wear masks!  A question for anyone who has flown recently:  are airlines enforcing mask wearing?

Classics professor at UT Austin defamed last December as a "pedophile" by deranged students...

...has now, thankfully, sued them (complaint here:   Download BLAKEMORECOMPLAINT(Final)).   (Earlier coverage (and also), and see also this for more details, including about material since deleted from the Twitter account of the deranged students.)  Professor Hubbard's lawyer issued this statement, which sums up what is documented in the various new sources and also reveals UT Austin's failure to act honorably in defense of academic freedom:

In December of 2019 Professor Hubbard’s home was violently attacked by a mob of masked University students.   They vandalized his home, distributed leaflets to neighbors falsely accusing him of pedophilia, and chanted threats of violence against him.  Dr. Hubbard does not have this sexual orientation, and has never been convicted or even accused of such conduct before now.  He was forced to flee his home under police protection and move out permanently.  Dr. Hubbard’s treatment is a matter of public record and known to UT.  Dr. Hubbard is unaware of any serious effort by the University to identify or sanction the students involved in the mob attack and vandalism on his house, or the blatant libel and slander he has suffered through a systematic and coordinated effort by UT students both on campus and off.   He reluctantly takes this step to defend himself because UT Austin leadership has not taken sufficient action. He will hold responsible anyone who alleges he has encouraged pedophilia, engaged in pedophilia, or has any interest in doing so.  Until these recent attacks on him he had worked for 33 years at UT without a single allegation of sexual impropriety.  The climate at UT Austin that allows students to freely lodge harmful, false allegations needs to stop and adult students must be held accountable for their actions. Dr. Hubbard has pledged that any award he wins will go directly to charities that work on behalf of gay, lesbian, and trans people, who have been tarred by false charges of pedophilia since the 'Save Our Children' crusade of Anita Bryant in the 1970s.

Another letter from Notre Dame faculty opposing Judge Barrett's nomination on the merits

Here.  The earlier letter called on her to delay the process given the circumstances.  (That letter subsequently got some signatories from the law school; the new one does not appear to have law school signatories.)  Barring catastrophe, she will be confirmed, not because of her qualifications (which are shared by hundreds of others), but because of her ideology.  If the Democrats control government come January, they should implement various reforms, including adding seats to the Court, changing the rules on the votes needed to overturn legislation, and stripping the Court of jurisdiction of certain matters.  Enough is really enough.   The Republicans began earnest packing of the federal courts during the Obama Administration, when Senator McConnell not only blocked Judge Garland's nomination to the Supreme Court but blocked the nomination of many federal judges as well; it will be time for the Democrats to undo the damage.

Some striking COVID graphics...

...which document vividly the differential impact of the pandemic across the United States at different times.

(Thanks to Tushar Irani for the pointer.)

Reinfection with the coronavirus? Possible, but quite rare

An informative discussion of what we know, and why it's not a cause for concern.

Picollo from UCL to National U of Singapore

Lavinia Picollo (philosophical logic, metaphysics, philosophy of logic and mathematics), currently Lecturer in Philosophy at University College London, will take up a tenure-track post in philosophy at the National University of Singapore in January 2021.  My guess is she will be tenured before long.

Americans' engagement with the humanities during the pandemic

A new study from the AAAS, with some interesting results.  A bit further down the list was researching the ethical aspects of a choice--although it doesn't suggest the research was done with the help of philosophy.

(Thanks to Robert Townsend for the pointer.)

MA programs in philosophy with funding

Via Geoff Pynn's FB page, I discover this useful resource.  It lists both free-standing terminal MA programs and those embedded in PhD-granting departments.   But do see the guidance in the PGR on how to approach MA programs, especially those embedded in PhD departments.  I increasingly counsel students to avoid Tufts, notwithstanding the strength of the faculty, since they do not provide adequate financial aid for their MA students.

 

On COVID and aerosol transmission

This is informative.  It's pretty clear by now that aerosol transmission (i.e., not just droplets when someone sneezes!) is important, more so than fomites for example.  Links to other sources on this issue welcome in the comments.

Maybe there will be a Democratic landslide...

...but not all indicators, if one looks closely, are good.

Notre Dame faculty (but none from the law school) call on Judge Barrett to step aside until after the election...

...for the good of the country.  She won't, of course.  First, she knows that if she were to withdraw, the Republicans would push through someone else.  Second, she believes that her approach to judicial decision-making is the correct one and ought to be on the Supreme Court.   Or, as a German philospher once remarked, life itself is the will to power.

Blast from the past: "sanctiramus" (from the dynamic lexicon)

Back in 2016.

1987 NYT editorial appeals to a "consensus among economists" that there should be no minimum wage

A good reminder for whom the NYT really speaks. 

(I saw this gem via Alex Gourevitch's FB page.)

A better take on Schadenfreude and Trump...

...from philosopher Susanna Siegel (Harvard).  She makes two important points:  first, that Schadenfreude is the standard operating device of the American right; and second, Schadenfreude is symptomatic of a dysfunctional democracy (and perhaps corrosive of a functional one).   There's a substantive and interesting rejoinder here, to which Professor Siegel responds in the comments at that blog.

Trump offends the professional classes...

...but he is in most respects "business as usual" for the imprudent wing of the ruling class:

Accusations of fascism and assertions that “This is not normal!” belong to the hysteria of professionals, those for whom Trump’s poor taste and political incorrectness finds its criticism in late show monologues and The New Yorker cartoons. For them, a return to normal is merely not being forced to look at Trump’s spray tan. It is the return of feeling safe enough to not have to care. So long as they know the captain is competent, they can stop worrying about the ship going down and get back to reading White Fragility.

The reality is that Trump’s presidency has been anything but “not normal.” It has continued the same brutal worldview of his predecessors, albeit with unorthodox theatrics that has made the mockery of our two-party system transparent. This became evident when the neutralization of Bernie Sanders’s social-democratic message was celebrated even more by Democrats than Republicans, the former of whom could never get beyond Sanders’s fatal error of using the term “working class.” Unsurprisingly, these same people have nostalgically pined for the “decency” of George W. Bush and rallied behind Joe Biden, a man whose entire political career has been spent championing the very policies that made a figure like Trump appealing to so many in 2016....

There's obviously something to this, but like some on the left (I mean the actual "left," not the neoliberal-identity-politics-pretend-left), he underestimates the real threat posed by Trump's authoritarian instincts.  One would not want to repeat Ernst Thälmann's world-historic mistake of identifying the "social democrats" as the bigger threat!

A philosophy prof came up with the idea for the MacArthur "genius" [sic] grants

F. Champion Ward, who taught at Denison University and was also a protege of Robert Hutchins at the University of Chicago, entered the foundation world and seems to have come up with the idea for the now-mysterious MacArthur windfalls.  Given the Hutchins connection, he almost certainly thought these should be awards to recognize genuinely exceptional achievement. 

(Thanks to Sam Cowling for the pointer.)

 

"The Murder of Professor Schlick" and the fate of the Vienna Circle...

...reviewed at The New Yorker.

"Who is entitled?"

Philosophers Dan Kaufman (Missouri State) and Robert Gressis (Cal State/Northridge) discuss.

One-third of humanities faculty at Roehampton (in the UK) likely to lose their jobs!

A humanities staff member in the UK writes:

The University of Roehampton (London) has just announced staffing cuts of £1.6 million to be made in the Humanities school (it’s £3.2 million for the two Arts and Humanities schools together) by the end of the academic year. Roughly one third of Humanities faculty will be made redundant; that’s roughly 25 from 75 faculty in a school that has excelled in scholarship and research. This has been announced after many staff had accepted management’s ‘offer’ of a temporary 10% pay reduction in order to offset losses related to the pandemic. We don’t know yet how these cuts will be imposed across the school; a review of the degree programmes in the different subjects is underway.

The student intake this year at Roehampton was disappointing in many Humanities subjects. But this is to a large degree a direct result of a government decision in August (during the fiasco concerning the grading of A-levels in the absence of examinations) to reverse a policy that would have prevented the bigger, more prestigious institutions hoovering up domestic students in order to mitigate the financial impact of falls in international students paying higher fees. The situation now is perfectly irrational: some of the normally very selective institutions have more students than they know what to do with this year (their disgruntled staff will tell you that) while institutions like ours (which traditionally have offered working class students a way into higher education) do not have enough. This is not bad news for the government, of course, which clearly wants to see some institutions go to the wall, and thus fewer students attend university, particularly in the Humanities subjects.

https://twitter.com/SaveUoRAH

There is a petition here.

On free will

Philosophers Daniel Dennett (Tufts), Helen Steward (Leeds), and others discuss.

This is what happens when you read too much Kant

You can't even enjoy your Schadenfreude when a wicked man falls ill.  Stuff like this is an embarrassment for philosophy; maybe it should be preached from the pulpit on Sundays, or revealed in the confession booth, but to pass it off as a philosophical "insight." Oy veh.

(Thanks to Henry Cohen for the pointer.)

ADDENDUM:  Also relevant.  The explanation, of course, is either that the Democrats don't really believe Trump is a fascist dictator wannabe or they don't want to alienate the many voters who don't view the monster-child that way.  (Thanks to S. Wallerstein for the pointer.)

New study estimates 20% of Chicago residents have antibodies to the new coronavirus

Not wholly surprising, given that there have been more than 83,000 confirmed cases in a population of not quite 2.9 million in the city proper.  So 20% having been exposed would mean not quite 500,000 people with either symptomatic or asymptomatic cases over the last 8 months or so.  I've talked to some students who had COVID-like symptoms in the Spring who could not then get tested, and I suspect that phenomenon was widespread.  We're still far from "herd immunity," as the surging cases this past week illustrate:  more than 2,900 confirmed COVID cases this past week in Chicago, the highest total since last May (Chicago has been running a bit over 2,000 confirmed cases per week for a couple of months now, but it ticked up noticeably this week unfortunately).

Great moments in obscure rock 'n' roll: Bang, "Lions, Christians," 1972

Another number from the debut album of this Philadelphia band we featured a few weeks ago, who were, not wrongly, described as the "American Black Sabbath" (albeit not as successful), which one can hear in this song:

 

Ithaca College, in upstate New York, to cut 130 of its 547 faculty positions...

...as a result of budget shortfalls brought on by the pandemic.   This is a horrifyingly draconian set of cuts being contemplated (essentially 1 out of every 4 faculty may lose their jobs!).  Tenured faculty may be fired according to the college, and whole departments may be eliminated, although none yet have been named.  Although not included in the study of Covid's effect on higher education that we noted earlier this year, Ithaca seems similar to schools that that study deemed at risk.

Further details and information welcome in the comments.

What is it like to be a philosopher? Bryan Van Norden edition

Here, courtesy of Clifford Sosis as usual.

2020-21 Update for top five Canadian schools from the 2017 PGR

MOVING TO FRONT FROM SEPTEMBER 25--CORRECTED

Since the 2020-21 PGR has been delayed, this is a summary of changes at the tenured (or almost tenured) ranks at the top 5 PhD programs in Canada since the 2017 Philosophical Gourmet Report; more precisely, these are changes that were not reflected in the faculty lists evaluators saw for the 2017 PGR surveys (some moves that weren't official until 2018 were reflected in the faculty lists for the 2017 surveys).  (Please e-mail me any corrections or additions, thanks.)   My thanks to Mitchell Barrington for his assistance in compiling this information.

University of Toronto (#1 in Canada, #10 in world in 2017 PGR):  Added George Boys-Stones (ancient) from Durham; Michael Caie (philosophical logic, philosophy of language, formal epistemology) and (advanced junior lateral) Jessica Gelber (ancient Greek and Roman philosophy) from the University of Pittsburgh; Chris Fraser (classical Chinese philosophy, comparative philosophy) from the University of Hong; Elisa Freschi (advanced junior lateral) from the University of Vienna and Jonardon Ganeri from NYU-Abu Dhabi, both experts in Indian philosophy; and Michael Rosenthal (early modern, Jewish philosophy) from the University of Washington.  Lost Charles Brittain (ancient) back to Cornell University.  May lose Karolina Hubner (early modern) to Cornell, where she is currently teaching (but it appears she has not resigned yet from Toronto).  Will now be the strongest department in North America, and probably the Anglophone world, for students interested in some of the major non-Western philosophical traditions.

Southwest Baptist University in Missouri eliminates its philosophy program...

...and the job of its one tenured philosophy professor, who appears to be the real target.  Not a good look for SBU at all.

(Thanks to Rev. Beau Underwood for the pointer.)

This New England Journal of Medicine editorial would make a good opening statement at the "war crimes" trial for those politicians who failed us in the "war on COVID"

An excerpt:

Why has the United States handled this pandemic so badly? We have failed at almost every step. We had ample warning, but when the disease first arrived, we were incapable of testing effectively and couldn’t provide even the most basic personal protective equipment to health care workers and the general public. And we continue to be way behind the curve in testing. While the absolute numbers of tests have increased substantially, the more useful metric is the number of tests performed per infected person, a rate that puts us far down the international list, below such places as Kazakhstan, Zimbabwe, and Ethiopia, countries that cannot boast the biomedical infrastructure or the manufacturing capacity that we have.² Moreover, a lack of emphasis on developing capacity has meant that U.S. test results are often long delayed, rendering the results useless for disease control.